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Parker-Hulme Murders

Parker-Hulme Murders

The Parker-Hulme Murder was a sensational murder and court case that occurred in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1954. On June 22, 1954, the body of Honora Rieper was found in Victoria Park in Christchurch. She had been killed by multiple blows to the head by a brick. Before the trial began, it was discovered that Honora Rieper had never married Herbert Rieper, the man known as her husband. Thus, she was referred to during the trial as Honora Parker. On June 23, two teenage girls were arrested, Pauline Parker (Parker's daughter, also known as Pauline Rieper) and Juliet Hulme. Pauline was a girl from a working class background; Juliet Hulme was the daughter of a distinguished physicist who was the rector of University of Canterbury in Christchurch. The two girls had formed a close personal friendship that their parents found disturbing. The two girls formed an elaborate fantasy life together and would sneak out and spend the night acting out stories involving fictional characters they had developed together. When their parents attempted to compel them to remain separate, they formed a plan to murder Pauline Parker's mother and escape to the United States. The two girls were tried together. The trial was a sensational affair, with allegations of lesbianism and insanity. The girls were convicted on August 30, 1954, and each of them spent five years in prison. They were released with the condition that they never contact one another again. After her release from prison, Juliet Hulme went on to have a successful career as a historical detective novelist under the name Anne Perry. The story of the murders was made into Peter Jackson's Oscar-nominated film, Heavenly Creatures. The murder was touched upon as strong evidence of moral decline less than four months later by the Special Committee on Moral Delinquency in Children and Adolescents in what became known as the Mazengarb Report, named after its chair, Oswald Mazengarb.

External links:

Information on the Parker-Hulme case from the public library of Christchurch, New Zealand: http://library.christchurch.org.nz/Heritage/ParkerHulme/ Extensive FAQ on the Heavenly Creatures film containing much data on the historical background of the motion picture: http://www.geocities.com/Hollywood/Studio/2194/ Category:Homicides Category:History of New Zealand Category:Law enforcement in New Zealand

Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch
Urban Area Population 363,700 (2004 est.)
Extent the city, Kaiapoi,
Prebbleton, Lyttelton &
Diamond Harbour
Territorial
Authority		 Name Christchurch City
Population 344,100 (2004 est.)
Extent Waimakariri River to the Port Hills and west to Templeton
See also Waimakariri District
(includes Kaiapoi) Banks Peninsula District
(includes Lyttelton) Selwyn District
Regional
Council 		Name Canterbury
Situated on the Eastern coast, Christchurch is the principal city of the South Island of New Zealand. Named after Christ Church College at the University of Oxford. It was originaly known as Christ Church, the name being abreviated by common usage by the 1880s. The pre-European (Maori) name Otautahi, is said to originate from a Maori chief named Tautahi, who is believed to have occupied a seasonal dwelling on a bank of the Avon River near to where the Barbadoes Street bridge now stands. To date there is no documentary or archaeological evidence to support this contention. Christchurch is located at . [http://www.christchurch.org.nz/about/#StatisticsDemographics]

Geography

Christchurch is the provincial capital of Canterbury, New Zealand, which is about the size of Belgium. The city is situated at the Southern end of Pegasus Bay, near the centre of the Eastern coast of the South Island, between Banks Peninsula and the Canterbury Plains. The city is bounded to the East by the Pacific Ocean coast and the estuary of the Avon and Heathcote rivers. To the South and South-east the city is punctuated by the volcanic slopes of the Port Hills, and to the North by the braided Waimakariri River. A large number of public parks and well-developed residential gardens with many trees have given Christchurch the name of The Garden City. Hagley Park and the 75 acre (30 hectare) Christchurch Botanic Gardens, founded in 1863, are located in the central city, with Hagley Park being a site for sports such as golf, netball, and rugby and for open air concerts by local bands and the [http://www.chsymph.co.nz/2005/ Christchurch Symphony Orchestra]. With much of the city being flat and only a few metres above sea level, spectacular views can be obtained from almost any high building. At these low elevations the city appears more like a forest with only a few buildings visible, rather than a major city. At the centre of the city is Cathedral Square, surrounding the Anglican cathedral, Christ Church.

List of Christchurch suburbs

Christ Church

Inner suburbs

(clockwise from city centre, starting due north) Mairehau; Shirley; Richmond; Avonside; Linwood; Woolston; Opawa; Waltham; Sydenham; Spreydon; Addington; Riccarton; Ilam; Burnside; Fendalton; Bryndwr; Merivale; Papanui; St Albans.

Outer suburbs

(clockwise from city centre, starting due north) Burwood; Parklands; Waimairi Beach; Avondale; New Brighton; Bexley; Aranui; South Brighton; Southshore; Bromley; Redcliffs; Sumner; Ferrymead; Heathcote Valley; Huntsbury; Cashmere; Westmoreland; Hoon Hay; Halswell; Oaklands; Wigram; Sockburn; Hornby; Islington; Yaldhurst; Russley; Avonhead; Harewood; Bishopdale; Casebrook; Redwood; Belfast.

Satellite towns

(clockwise from city centre, starting due north) Brooklands; Lyttelton; Tai Tapu; Lincoln; Prebbleton; Templeton; Rolleston; West Melton; Rangiora; Kaiapoi.

Climate

Christchurch has a temperate climate, with temperatures in January ranging from a minimum of 15°C to a maximum of 33°C, and from -5°C to 10°C in July. The Summer climate is often moderated by a sea breeze from the Northeast, however a record temperature of 41.6 degrees Centigrade was reached in February 1973. A notable feature of the weather is the Nor'wester, a hot föhn wind which occasionally reaches gale force and causes widespread damage to property. In Winter it is common for the temperature to fall below 0°C at night. Snow falls occur rarely, on average once or twice a year in the hill suburbs and about once every decade on the plain. On cold Winter nights, the surrounding hills, clear skies, and frosty calm conditions often combine to form a stable inversion layer above the city that traps vehicle exhausts and smoke from domestic fires to cause smog. While not as bad as smog in Los Angeles, California, Christchurch smog has often been known to exceed World Health Organisation recommendations for air pollution. The city has strict requirements for domestic home heating in order to limit air pollution.

Demographics

On 6 March 2004, the area administered by the Christchurch City Council had a population of 344,100, making it the second-largest in New Zealand, and the largest city in the South Island. The Christchurch Urban Area is the third-largest in the country, after Auckland and Wellington. Ethnic Profile
- 89.8% New Zealand European (Pakeha)
- 5.1% Maori
- 4.0% Asian
- 1.1% all others

Economy

The local economy was based on the agricultural produce of the Canterbury plains. Early manufacturers processed agricultural produce, especially sheep and dairy products, into finished products. The early presence of the University of Canterbury and the heritage of the city's academic institutions working in association with local businesses has fostered a number of technology-based industries. The region now has a range of "new economy" sectors. Tourism is also a significant factor of the local economy. The closeness of the ski-fields and other attractions of the Southern Alps and hotels and an airport that meets international standards make Christchurch a stopover destination for many tourists.

Government

Southern Alps Christchurch's local government is a democracy that includes:
- A city council [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/] comprising the Mayor of Christchurch , and 12 councillors elected in six wards.
- Six community boards, each covering one ward, with three members each plus the two ward councillors.
- The Canterbury Regional Council, known as [http://www.ecan.org.nz/ Environment Canterbury] including four Christchurch constituencies with two members from each constituency.
- The Canterbury District Health Board, [http://www.cdhb.govt.nz/] with five members for Christchurch.
- District councils in surrounding areas: Banks Peninsula, Selwyn, and Waimakariri. In 1993, Christchurch was selected as the "Best Run City in the World", also known as the Carl Bertelsmann Prize, by the Bertelsmann Foundation of Germany, a branch of Bertelsmann media company. It shared the honor with Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

History

Since 1876, archeological evidence found in a cave at Redcliffs has indicated that the Christchurch area was first settled by moa-hunting tribes about 1250. Maori oral history relates that humans occupied the area around the year 1000. These first inhabitants were thought to have been followed by the Waitaha tribe who are said to have migrated from the East coast of the North Island in the 16th century. Subsequent to tribal warfare the Waitaha ( made of three peoples ) were dispossesed by the Ngati Mamoe tribe. They were in turn subjugated by the Ngai Tahu tribe, who remained in control until European settlement brought an end to inter-tribal warfare and cannibalism (a taste acquired after the Maori came to New Zealand - the last known incidence being in 1947). Although there were European settlers from 1840, notably the Deans brothers at Riccarton, what are regarded as the First Four Ships were chartered by the Canterbury Association, and arrived on 16 December 1850, bringing the first 792 of the Canterbury Pilgrims to Lyttelton Harbour. These sailing vessels were the Randolph, Charlotte-Jane, Sir George Seymour, and Cressy. Captain Thomas, the Canterbury Association's Chief Surveyor, surveyed the surrounding area. By December 1849 he had commissioned the construction of a road from Port Cooper, later called Lyttelton, to Christchurch via Sumner. However this proved more difficult than expected and road construction was stopped while a steep foot and pack horse track was constructed over the hill between the port and the Heathcote valley, where access to the site of the proposed settlement could be gained. This track became known as the Bridle Path, because the path was so steep that pack horses needed to be led by the bridle. Goods that were too heavy or bulky to be transported by pack horse over the Bridle Path were shipped by small sailing vessels some eight miles by water around the coast and up the estuary to Ferrymead. New Zealand's first public railway line was opened from Ferrymead to Christchurch in 1863. Due to the difficulties in travelling over the Port Hills and the dangers associated with shipping navigating the Sumner bar, a railway tunnel was bored through the Port Hills to Lyttelton, opening in 1867. Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter on 31 July 1856, making it the oldest city in New Zealand. Many of the city's fine Gothic buildings by the architect Benjamin Mountfort date from this period. Christchurch was the seat of provincial administration for the province of Canterbury. A road tunnel was constructed between Lyttelton and Christchurch in the early 1960s. In 1974 Christchurch was host to the Commonwealth Games.

Gateway to the Antarctic

Christchurch has played a significant role in the history of Antarctic exploration. Both Robert Falcon Scott and Ernest Shackleton used the port of Lyttelton as a departure point for expeditions, and there is a statue of Scott (sculpted by his widow) in the central city. Christchurch International Airport serves as the major base for the Italian and United States Antarctic Programs as well as the New Zealand Antarctic programme. The International Antarctic Centre provides both base facilities and a museum and visitor centre.

Visitor Attractions

United States Antarctic Program United States Antarctic Program
- [http://www.bethere.org.nz/ Be There] - events calendar
- [http://www.localeye.info/ localeye] - your online guide to Christchurch and Canterbury
- Garden and Parks; [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Parks/GardenCity/parks_monavale.asp Mona Vale], [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Parks/BotanicGardens/ The Botanical Gardens], [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Parks/HagleyPark/ Hagley Park], and [http://www.riccartonhouse.co.nz/ Riccarton House and Bush].
- [http://www.canterburymuseum.com Canterbury Museum].
- Ferrymead Heritage Park.
- [http://www.oranawildlifepark.co.nz Orana Wildlife Park].
- [http://www.willowbank.co.nz/ Willowbank Wildlife Reserve].
- [http://www.airforcemuseum.co.nz Air Force Museum].
- [http://www.southernencounter.co.nz/ Southern Encounter Aquarium and Kiwi House].
- [http://www.iceberg.co.nz/ International Antarctic Centre].
- Christ's College. Founded in 1851, it is one of the city's most distinguished private schools.
- Christ Church (the Anglican cathedral), the centre of the Church of England settlement was built between 1864 and 1910.
- The Roman Catholic Cathedral, consecrated in 1905, is widely considered to be the finest example of Classic revival architecture in the city.
- [http://www.christchurchartgallery.org.nz Christchurch Art Gallery] (A new gallery opened 2003 to replace the 1930 Robert McDougall Art Gallery situated in the Botanic Gardens).
- [http://www.tram.co.nz/tramtour.html Historic electric trams], introduced in 1905, ceased operating in 1954, but returned to the inner city in 1995.
- The Christchurch Arts Centre, formerly Canterbury College and the site of "Ernest Rutherford's Den".
- [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Christchurch/CanterburyProvincialCouncilChambers/ The Provincial Council Chambers], 1857 - 1865.
- The Timeball Station in Lyttelton.
- The New Brighton Pier.
- [http://www.gondola.co.nz/ Heathcote (Christchurch) Gondola].
- The Summit Road along the top of the Port Hills and Godley Head Road provides numerous spectacular views of the area and features the buildings created as wayside rests, the Sign of the Takahe (now a function centre) and Sign of the Kiwi.
- Walkways including [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Parks/NaturalAreas/port_hills_recreation_victoriapark.asp Victoria Park], the Bridle Path and Whitewash Head, a bird sanctuary.
- Mountain Biking on the Port Hills and Bottle Lake Forest. [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/Parks/Recreation/mountainbiking.asp Christchurch Mountainbiking]

Entertainment

Theatre

Christchurch has one full-time professional theatre, the [http://www.courttheatre.org.nz Court Theatre] (external link). There is also an active recreational theatre scene.

Cinema

Christchurch has approximately 35 cinema screens, with more planned in the next few years. While historically most cinemas were grouped around Cathedral Square, only the Regent complex remains there. The largest multiplexes are the Hoyts 8 in the old railway station (Moorhouse Ave) and Reading Cinemas (8) in the Palms shopping centre in the suburb of Shirley. Hoyts in Riccarton, just recently opened, has the largest screen in New Zealand, called Cinemaxx. The Christchurch Arts Centre includes two art house cinemas, Cloisters and The Academy, screening a wide selection of contemporary, classic and foreign language films. These cinemas participates in an annual film festival. There is an active film society in the city.

Large Concert Venues


- The Westpac Centre is New Zealand's largest permanent multipurpose arena, seating between 5000 - 8000 depending on configuration. It was the venue for the 1999 World Netball championships and has been host to many concerts in recent years including Neil Diamond, Rod Stewart, Velvet Revolver and many more major international acts.
- The Town Hall Auditorium (2000 seats, opened 1974) was the first major auditorium design by architects Warren and Mahoney and acousticians Marshall Day. It is still recognised as a model example of concert-hall design. It has an excellent modern pipe organ.

Dance Parties

Christchurch has a wide range of dance parties. Information can be obtained from inner-city cafés such as C1 on High Street, or record stores. While most of the parties are either house or drum'n'bass, occasionally there are trance and hardhouse parties.

Live Music

The city has a wide range of venues for live music, some short-lived, others with decades of history. Christchurch is home to a professional symphony orchestra, the [http://www.cso.co.nz/ CSO]. There are also usually buskers around the town square.

Sport

Sports Played
- Hang gliding and parasailing.
- Yachting and windsurfing.
- Swimming, surfing, surf lifesaving, surfcasting, and fishing.
- Netball, represented by the Canterbury Flames in the national league.
- Golf The city has more than a dozen golf courses and has hosted the PGA-sanctioned Clearwater Classic since 2002.
- Cricket - Christchurch's major summer sport
- Rugby Union, represented by the Crusaders in the Super 14 competition and Canterbury in the National Provincial Championship. Major Sporting Grounds
- Jade Stadium (formerly known as Lancaster Park) is Christchurch's premier outdoor sporting ground which currently plays host to Rugby Union in the winter months and Cricket in the summer months. It is home to the Canterbury Crusaders and Canterbury NPC Rugby Teams. It is also used by the New Zealand Cricket Team and occasionally hosts a New Zealand Warriors Rugby League match. Jade Stadium has a current capacity of 36,500 people.
- QEII Park was built for the 1974 British Commonwealth Games which Christchurch hosted in 1974. It is used today primarily as an Athletics park, and contains a newly upgraded Swimming Pool complex. It also has hosted some major concerts in the past from bands such as the Red Hot Chilli Peppers.

Educational institutions

A number of tertiary education institutions have campuses in Christchurch, or in the surrounding areas.
- Christchurch College of Education
- Christchurch Polytechnic Institute of Technology
- University of Otago Christchurch School of Medicine and Health Sciences)
- Lincoln University
- Southern Institute of Technology
- University of Canterbury

Transport

Christchurch is served by Christchurch International Airport and by buses (local and long-distance) and trains. The local bus service, known as [http://www.metroinfo.org.nz/ Metro],is provided by [http://www.ecan.govt.nz/home/ Environment Canterbury], the Canterbury Regional Council.

Sister cities

Christchurch has six sister cities around the world. They are:
- Adelaide, Australia
- Christchurch, Dorset, England
- Gansu province, China
- Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
- Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Songpa-gu, Seoul, South Korea

External links


- [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/ Christchurch City Council]
- [http://www.christchurch.org.nz/ Christchurch.org.nz] Official City Promotions website
- [http://www.localeye.info/ localeye] the online gateway to Christchurch & Canterbury, New Zealand.
- [http://www.thejoint.co.nz/ The Joint] Christchurch radio show
- [http://www.wises.co.nz/map/?mapwhich=2&zoomin=true&move=true&zoom=0&mapaction=0 Christchurch street maps]
- [http://www.bethere.org.nz/ Christchurch and Canterbury Events]
- [http://www.metservice.co.nz/default/index.php?pkey=190512&ckey=192956 Nor'wester]
- [http://www.thebigcity.co.nz/ The Big City] New Zealand Music Archive and Christchurch Events Poster Listing
- [http://www.cpit.ac.nz/ Christchurch Polytechnic Institue of Technology]
- [http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/ University of Canterbury]
- [http://www.christchurch-airport.co.nz/airport/ Christchurch International Airport]
- [http://www.tram.co.nz/ Christchurch Tramway]
- [http://canterbury.cyberplace.org.nz/community/botanic.html/ Christchurch Botanical Gardens]
- [http://www.chchcasino.co.nz/Intro.html/ Christchurch Casino]
- [http://www.artscentre.org.nz/ The Arts Centre,Christchurch]

Further reading

Amodeo, Colin (ed.) (1998). Rescue, the Sumner community and its lifeboat service. Christchurch: Sumner Lifeboat Institution Incorporated. Category:Canterbury, New Zealand category: Cities and towns in New Zealand ko:크라이스트처치 ja:クライストチャーチ

/
- Government
- / lk

Government

zh:基督城 Christchurch's local government is a democracy that includes:
- A city council [http://www.ccc.govt.nz/] comprising the Mayor of Christchurch, and 12 councillors elected in six wards.
- Six community boards, each covering one ward, with three members each plus the two ward councillors.
- The Canterbury Regional Council, known as [http://www.ecan.org.nz/ Environment Canterbury] including four Christchurch constituencies with two members from each constituency.
- The Canterbury District Health Board, [http://www.cdhb.govt.nz/] with five members for Christchurch.
- District councils in surrounding areas: Banks Peninsula, Selwyn, and Waimakariri. In 1993, Christchurch was selected as the "Best Run City in the World", also known as the Carl Bertelsmann Prize, by the Bertelsmann Foundation of Germany, a branch of Bertelsmann media company. It shared the honor with Phoenix, Arizona, USA.

June 22

June 22 is the 173rd day of the year (174th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 192 days remaining.

Events


- 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom
- 168 BC - Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat and capture Macedonian King Perseus, ending the Third Macedonian War
- 1593 - Battle of Sisak: Slovene - Croat troops defeat the Turks
- 1633 - The Holy Office in Rome forces Galileo Galilei to recant his scientific view that the Sun, not the Earth, is the center of the Universe.
- 1825 - British Parliament abolishes feudalism and the seigneurial system in British North America.
- 1866 - Battle of Custoza: an Austrian army defeats the Italian army during the Austro-Prussian War.
- 1893 - The Royal Navy battleship HMS Camperdown accidentally rams the British Mediterranean Fleet flagship HMS Victoria which sinks taking 358 crew with her, including the fleet's commander, Vice-Admiral Sir George Tryon.
- 1898 - Spanish-American War: United States Marines land in Cuba.
- 1911 - George V is crowned King of the United Kingdom, succeeding his father, Edward VII.
- 1937 - Camille Chautemps becomes Prime Minister of France
- 1940 - France forced to sign armistice with Nazi Germany.
- 1941 - Nazi Germany invades the Soviet Union in Operation Barbarossa, one of the most dramatic turning points of World War II.
- 1941 - First Croatian anti-fascist armed unit (partisans) founded near Sisak, Croatia.
- 1941 - The Lithuanian 1941 independence begins
- 1944 - Opening day of the Soviet Union's Operation Bagration against Army Group Centre
- 1950 - The longship replica [http://web.telia.com/~u57013916/index.htm Ormen Friske], en route from Birka to Rotterdam, broke apart in the North Sea because of improper construction. All 15 crew members drowned.
- 1962 - An Air France Boeing 707 jet crashes in bad weather in Guadeloupe, West Indies killing 113
- 1963 - Pope Paul VI elected by College of Cardinals.
- 1976 - Canadian House of Commons abolishes capital punishment.
- 1978 - Charon, a satellite of the planet Pluto, is discovered.
- 1984 - William Schnoebelen and his wife Sharon are "saved" by a tract from Chick Publications. There is some debate over the reliability of this, however.
- 1986 - Argentine footballer Diego Maradona scored both the Hand of God goal and the Goal of the Century against England during the FIFA World Cup in Mexico City.
- 1986 - The All Jharkhand Students Union is founded, in order to fight for autonomy for tribal peoples in India.
- 1989 - Dublin City University and University of Limerick are established in Ireland.
- 1993 - Dr. Charles Epstein of Tiburon, California, USA is injured by a mail bomb sent by the Unabomber.
- 1996 - The Quake computer game is released.
- 2002 - An earthquake in western Iran measuring 6.5 on the Richter scale kills more than 261 people
- 2003 - The largest hailstone ever recorded falls from a thunderstorm in Aurora, Nebraska, USA.
- 2003 - Bill Clinton releases his memoirs, entitled My Life

Births


- 1680 - Ebenezer Erskine, Scottish religious dissenter (d. 1754)
- 1684 - Francesco Manfredini, Italian baroque composer (d. 1762)
- 1704 - John Taylor, English classical scholar (d. 1766)
- 1713 - Lord John Philip Sackville, English cricketer (d. 1765)
- 1757 - George Vancouver, British explorer (d. 1798)
- 1767 - Wilhelm von Humboldt, German philosopher and statesman (d. 1835)
- 1837 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884)
- 1856 - H. Rider Haggard, English author (d. 1925)
- 1885 - Milan Vidmar, Slovenian engineer and chess player (d. 1962)
- 1887 - Julian Huxley, British biologist (d. 1975)
- 1897 - Norbert Elias, German sociologist (d. 1990)
- 1898 - Erich Maria Remarque, German writer (d. 1970)
- 1899 - Michał Kalecki, Polish economist
- 1903 - Carl Hubbell, baseball player (d. 1988)
- 1903 - John Dillinger, American bank robber (d. 1934)
- 1906 - Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author and pilot (d. 2001)
- 1906 - Billy Wilder, Austrian-born director (d. 2002)
- 1910 - Peter Pears, English tenor (d. 1986)
- 1910 - Konrad Zuse, German engineer (d. 1995)
- 1920 - Paul Frees, American voice actor (d. 1986)
- 1921 - Joseph Papp, American director and producer (d. 1991)
- 1930 - Yuri Artyukhin, cosmonaut (d. 1998)
- 1930 - Charles Augustus Lindbergh III, son of Charles Lindbergh and Anne Morrow Lindbergh, and murder victim (d. 1932)
- 1930 - John Joseph Scanlan, Irish-born Catholic prelate (d. 1997)
- 1933 - Dianne Feinstein, Mayor of San Francisco and U.S. Senator
- 1936 - Kris Kristofferson, American singer, songwriter, and actor
- 1936 - Hermeto Pascoal, Brazilian musician
- 1941 - Ed Bradley, American journalist
- 1943 - Brit Hume, American news anchor and commentator
- 1944 - Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor
- 1947 - David Lander, American actor and baseball scout
- 1948 - Todd Rundgren, American singer, songwriter, and record producer
- 1948 - Pete Maravich, American basketball player (d. 1988)
- 1949 - Meryl Streep, American actress
- 1949 - Lindsay Wagner, American actress
- 1949 - Alan Osmond, American singer
- 1952 - Graham Greene, Canadian actor
- 1953 - Cyndi Lauper, American singer
- 1954 - Freddie Prinze, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
- 1958 - Bruce Campbell, American actor
- 1961 - Stephen Batchelor, British field hockey player
- 1964 - Dan Brown, American author
- 1964 - Dicky Barrett, American singer (Mighty Mighty Bosstones)
- 1966 - Michael Park, WRC co-pilot (d. 2005)
- 1968 - Zaw Moe Tun, Myanmar Programmer
- 1970 - Steven Page, Canadian singer (Barenaked Ladies)
- 1971 - Kurt Warner, American football player
- 1971 - Mary Lynn Rajskub, American actress
- 1973 - Carson Daly, American television personality
- 1978 - Champ Bailey, American football player
- 1978 - Dan Wheldon, American race car driver

Deaths


- 431 - Paulinus of Nola, Roman poet
- 1276 - Pope Innocent V
- 1429 - Ghiyath al-Kashi, Persian astronomer and mathematician (b. 1380)
- 1535 - John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester (executed)
- 1632 - James Whitelocke, English judge (b. 1570)
- 1634 - Johann Graf von Aldringen, Austrian soldier (b. 1588)
- 1699 - Josiah Child, English Governor of the East India Company (b. 1630)
- 1714 - Matthew Henry, English non-conformist minister (b. 1662)
- 1868 - Heber C. Kimball, American religious leader (b. 1801)
- 1905 - Francis Lubbock, Governor of Texas (b. 1815)
- 1928 - A. B. Frost, American illustrator (b. 1851)
- 1931 - Armand Fallières, French president (b. 1841)
- 1959 - Hermann Brill, German politician (b. 1895)
- 1965 - David O. Selznick, American film producer (b. 1902)
- 1969 - Judy Garland, American singer and actress (b. 1922)
- 1974 - Darius Milhaud, French composer (b. 1892)
- 1987 - Fred Astaire, American dancer and actor (b. 1899)
- 1988 - Dennis Day, American singer and actor (b. 1918)
- 1990 - Ilya Frank, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
- 1992 - Chuck Mitchell, American actor (b. 1927)
- 1993 - Pat Nixon, First Lady of the United States (b. 1912)
- 1995 - Al Hansen, American artist (b. 1927)
- 1997 - Gérard Pelletier, French journalist, politician, and diplomat (b. 1919)
- 2002 - Darryl Kile, baseball player (b. 1968)
- 2002 - Ann Landers, American columnist (b. 1918)
- 2004 - Mattie Stepanek, American poet (b. 1990)
- 2004 - Bob Bemer, computer scientist (b. 1920)

See also


- The 22 June song

External links


- [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/22 BBC: On This Day] ---- June 21 - June 23 - May 22 - July 22 -- listing of all days ko:6월 22일 ms:22 Jun ja:6月22日 simple:June 22 th:22 มิถุนายน

1954

1954 (MCMLIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

January-February


- January 1 - Soviet Union no longer demands war reparations from East Germany
- January 12 - Large-scale avalanches in Austria - over 20 dead
- January 14 - The Hudson Motor Car Company merges with Nash-Kelvinator forming the American Motors Corporation
- January 14 - Marilyn Monroe weds Joe DiMaggio.
- January 15 - Mau Mau leader Waruhiu Itote is captured in Kenya
- January 17 - In Yugoslavia, Milovan Djilas, Tito's second-in-command, is relieved of his duties
- January 20 - The National Negro Network is established with 40 charter member radio stations
- January 21 - The first nuclear-powered submarine, the USS Nautilus, is launched in Groton, Connecticut, by First Lady of the United States Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower.
- January 25 - The foreign ministers of the United States, Britain, France and the Soviet Union meet at the Berlin Conference.
- January 26 - Milpitas, California was incorporated as a city.
- January 27 - Very freezing weather in Europe
- February 3 - Queen Elizabeth II is the first reigning monarch to visit Australia
- February 10 - President Dwight Eisenhower warns against United States intervention in Vietnam
- February 23 - The first mass vaccination of children against polio begins in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- February 25 - Lt. Col. Gamal Abdel Nasser is made premier of Egypt.

March-April


- March 1 - Nuclear testing: Officials announce that an American hydrogen bomb test had been conducted on Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean.
- March 1 - Four Puerto Ricans open fire on United States House of Representatives and wound five. Security guards apprehend them.
- March 8 - PR Newswire founded in New York by Herb Muschel.
- March 9 - Edward Murrow and Fred W. Friendly produce a 30-minute See It Now special entitled "A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy".
- March 12 - Finland and Germany officially end the state of war.
- March 13 - French troops begin battle against Vietminh in Dien Bien Phu.
- March 19 - Joey Giardello knocks out Willie Tory in round seven at Madison Square Garden in the first televised prize boxing fight shown in color.
- March 22 - The London bullion market reopens (it was closed in 1939).
- March 22 - London gold exchange opens for the first time since the war.
- March 23 - Viet Minh capture the main airstrip of Dien Bien Phu - French forces are partially isolated.
- March 25 - RCA manufactures first color TV set (12" screen; price: $1,000).
- March 25 - Soviet Union recognizes sovereignty of East Germany but Soviet troops remain in the country.
- March 29 - C-47 with Genevieve de Galard on board is incapacitated on Dien Bien Phu runway.
- March 30 - Canada's first subway opens in Toronto.
- April 1 - President Dwight D. Eisenhower authorizes the creation of the United States Air Force Academy in Colorado.
- April 3 - Vladimir Petrov defects from the Soviet Union and asks to seek political asylum in Australia.
- April 7 - Dwight D. Eisenhower gives his "domino theory" speech during a news conference.
- April 12 - Original recording of "Rock Around the Clock" by Bill Haley and the Comets.
- April 14 - – Aneurin Bevan resigns from the UK Labour shadow cabinet.
- April 22 - Senator Joseph McCarthy begins hearings investigating the United States Army for being "soft" on Communism.

May


- May 1 - Taku (city in Japan) founded
- May 6 - Roger Bannister runs the first four minute mile
- May 7 - Construction started on Michigan's Mackinac Bridge.
- May 7 - Vietnam War: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu ends in a French defeat (the battle began on March 13).
- May 14 - Boeing 707 released after about two years of development.
- May 17 - United States Supreme Court hands down its decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas 347 US 483 1954
- May 17 - Petrov Royal Commission in Australia begains it's inqury
- May 20 - Chiang Kai-shek is reelected president of the Republic of China by the National Assembly.
- May 20 - Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty launches Belarusian language programming (see also Piotra Sych).
- May 29 - Robert Menzies Government re-elected for 4th term in Australia.

June-July


- June 1 - Radio statio Sender Freies Berlin begins broadcasting
- June 9 - McCarthyism: Joseph Welch, special counsel for the United States Army, lashes out at Senator Joseph McCarthy during hearings on whether Communism has infiltrated the Army
- June 14 - On United States Flag Day, the words "under God" added to the Pledge of Allegiance
- June 15 - UEFA (the Union of European Football Associations) is formed in Basel, Switzerland
- June 17 - Military coup in Guatemala
- June 18 - Pierre Mendes-France becomes prime minister of France
- June 19 - The last regular-service streetcar operated by Twin City Rapid Transit runs in Minneapolis.
- June 27 - Guatemalan President Jacobo Arbenz Guzmán steps down in a CIA-sponsored military coup–Operation PBSUCCESS–triggering a bloody civil war that would continue for more than 35 years.
- June 27 - The world's first atomic power station opened at Obnisnsk, near Moscow.
- July 3 - Food rationing ends in Britain
- July 4 - End of rationing of meat ends all the food rationing in Britain
- July 4 - West Germany beat Hungary 3-2 to win the
- July 5 - Andhra Pradesh High Court is established.
- July 7 - In Memphis, Tennessee, WHBQ becomes the first radio station to air an Elvis Presley record
- July 15 - Maiden flight of Boeing 707
- July 21 - First Indochina War: The Geneva Conference partitions Vietnam into North Vietnam and South Vietnam
- July 28 - Foundation of the Situationist International.
- July 31 - First ascent of K2, by an Italian expedition.

August-October


- August - First flight of a B-52 Stratofortress.
- August 6 - Emilie Dionne, one of the Dionne Quintuplets, dies of asphyxiation following a epileptic seizure at Sainte Agathe, Quebec.
- August 16 - Volume 1, Issue 1 of Sports Illustrated is published
- August 24 - President of Brazil, Getulio Vargas, commits suicide; he's been accused of conspiracy to murder an air force officer.
- September 3 - The last new episode of The Lone Ranger is aired on radio after 2,956 episodes over a period of 21 years
- September 6 - SEATO treaty signed in Manila, Philippines
- September 8 - The Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is established in Bangkok, Thailand
- September 9 - An earthquake centered on the city of Oleansville in Algeria - 1500 dead and thousands homeless
- September 11 - First Miss America Pageant broadcast on television
- September 14 - USSR tests nuclear weapon
- September 30 - USS Nautilus, 1st atomic-powered vessel (submarine), commissioned by the US Navy
- October 11 - Vietnam War: The Viet Minh takes control of North Vietnam.
- October 18 - Texas Instruments announces the worldwide first Transistor radio.
- October 20 - Dock workers' strike expands in England
- October 23 - West Germany joins NATO
- October 26 - – Member of Muslim Brotherhood Abdul Munim Abdul Rauf tries to kill Gamal Abdal Nasser
- October 31 - Algerian War of Independence: The Algerian National Liberation Front begins a revolt against French rule.

November-December


- November - The main immigration port-of-entry in New York Harbor at Ellis Island closes.
- November 2 - Dock workers' strike in England ends
- November 3 - The first in the Godzilla series of films is released in Japan.
- November 10 - US President Dwight D. Eisenhower dedicates the USMC War Memorial (Iwo Jima memorial) in Arlington National Cemetery
- November 13 - Don Estes invents the disrupter (a part to help combines work)
- November 14 - Egyptian president Mohammed Naguib is deposed - Gamal Abdel Nasser replaces him
- November 23 - The Dow Jones Industrial Average closes at an all-time high of 382.74. More significantly, this is the first time the Dow has surpassed its 1929 peak level reached just before that year's crash.
- November 30 - In Sylacauga, Alabama, a 4 kg meteorite crashes through the roof of a house and hits Ann Hodges, badly bruising her, in the first documented case of an object from outer space hitting a person.
- December 2 - Red Scare: The United States Senate votes 67 to 22 to condemn Joseph McCarthy for "conduct that tends to bring the Senate into dishonor and disrepute."
- December 24 - Laos becomes independent.

unknown dates


- The first organ transplants are done in Boston and Paris.
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu between French and Viet Minh forces in Indochina
- Boy Scouts of America desegregates on the basis of race
- Stop signs are changed from black-on-yellow to white-on-red
- Gerbils (Meriones Unguiculatus), brought to the United States by Dr. Victor Schwentker.
- Unification Church founded.
- Case of Lothar Malskat, who had admitted that he had painted the frescoes in Marienkirche himself, goes into trial

Births

January-February


- January 2 - Henry Bonilla, American politician
- January 4 - Dave "The Devilfish" Ulliott, English professional poker player
- January 6 - Anthony Minghella, British film director
- January 12 - Howard Stern, American radio host
- January 17 - Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., son of Robert F Kennedy and Ethel Skakel Kennedy and nephew of U.S president John F Kennedy and Edward M Kennedy
- January 22 - Peter Pilz, Austrian politician
- January 23 - Franco De Vita, Venezuelan singer and songwriter
- January 29 - Oprah Winfrey, American actress, talk show host, producer, and publisher
- January 29 - Yukinobu Hoshino, Japanese cartoonist
- February 1 - Bill Mumy, American actor and musician
- February 2 - Christie Brinkley, American model
- February 6 - Argusto Emfazie, American occultist and author
- February 12 - Philip Zimmermann, American cryptographer
- February 13 - Donnie Moore, baseball player (d. 1989)
- February 15 - Matt Groening, American cartoonist
- February 18 - John Travolta, American actor
- February 19 - Socrates, Brazilian footballer
- February 20 - Anthony Stewart Head, English actor
- February 20 - Patty Hearst, American heiress and kidnapping victim
- February 23 - Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine
- February 25 - John Doe, American musician
- February 26 - Michael Bolton, American singer

March-June


- March 1 - Ron Howard, American actor, director, producer
- March 4 - Catherine O'Hara, Canadian actress
- March 8 - David Wilkie, Scottish swimmer
- March 13 - The Baroness Amos, British politician
- March 15 - Craig Wasson, American actor
- March 16 - Nancy Wilson, American singer, musician, and actress
- March 17 - Lesley-Anne Down, British actress
- March 24 - Robert Carradine, American actor
- March 29 - Karen Ann Quinlan, American right-to-die cause célèbre (d. 1985)
- April 7 - Jackie Chan, Hong Kong-born actor
- April 7 - Tony Dorsett, American football player
- April 9 - Dennis Quaid, American actor
- April 10 - Peter MacNicol, American actor
- April 15 - Seka, American actress
- April 17 - Riccardo Patrese, Italian race car driver
- April 18 - Rick Moranis, Canadian actor and comedian
- April 28 - Robert Sargent Shriver III son of Eunice Kennedy Shriver and nephew of John F Kennedy and Robert F Kennedy and Edward M Kennedy
- April 29 - Jerry Seinfeld, American comedian
- May 1 - Archie Norman, British politician and businessman
- May 7 - Amy Heckerling, American film director
- May 8 - David Keith, American actor
- May 19 - Phil Rudd, Australian drummer (AC/DC)
- June 9 - John Hagelin, American physicist and U.S. Presidential candidate
- June 20 - Ilan Ramon, Israeli Air Force, Israel first astronaut (d. 2003)
- June 22 - Freddie Prinze, American actor and comedian (d. 1977)
- June 26 - Steve Barton, American actor (d. 2001)
- June 27 - Ron Kirk, Mayor of Dallas, Texas
- June 30 - Pierre Charles, Prime Minister of Dominica (d. 2004)

July-October


- July 5 - John Wright, New Zealand cricket captains
- July 10 - Neil Tennant, British musician
- July 17 - Angela Merkel, Chancellor of Germany
- July 25 - Walter Payton, American football player (d. 1999)
- August 1 - Michael J. Badnarik, software engineer and U.S. Presidential candidate
- August 11 - Joe Jackson, British singer
- August 14 - Mark Fidrych, baseball player
- August 16 - James Cameron, Canadian-born film director
- August 20 - Al Roker, American television broadcaster
- August 21 - Ivan Stang, American author and publisher
- August 25 - Elvis Costello, British singer
- August 26 - Pauline Hanson, Australian politician
- September 13 - Steve Kilbey, Australian musician
- September 21 - Shinzo Abe, Japanese politician
- September 23 - Charlie Barnett, American actor (d. 1996)
- September 26 - Kevin Kennedy, baseball manager and television host
- September 30 - Barry Williams, American actor
- October 1 - Martin Strel, Slovenian swimmer
- October 3 - Dennis Eckersley, baseball player
- October 3 - Stevie Ray Vaughan, American musician (d. 1990)
- October 9 - Scott Bakula, American television actor
- October 10 - David Lee Roth, American singer
- October 13 - Mordechai Vanunu, Israeli nuclear technician
- October 15 - Peter Bakowski, Australian poet
- October 24 - Mike Rounds, Governor of South Dakota

November-December


- November 2 - Pat Croce, American entrepreneur
- November 3 - Brigitte Lin, Actress
- November 7 - Kamal Haasan, Indian actor
- November 8 - Michael D. Brown, U.S. Undersecretary of Emergency Preparedness and Response
- November 14 - Condoleezza Rice, U.S. Secretary of State
- November 14 - Willie Hernández, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player
- November 15 - Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President of Poland
- November 16 - Bruce Edwards, golf caddy (d. 2004)
- November 27 - Patricia McPherson, American actress
- December 2 - Dan Butler, American actor
- December 7 - Mark Hofmann, American forger and murderer
- December 14 - Ib Andersen, Danish dancer
- December 14 - Alan Kulwicki, American race car driver (d. 1993)
- December 20 - Michael Badalucco, American actor
- December 26 - Susan Butcher, American dog-sled racer
- December 28 - Denzel Washington, American actor

Unknown dates


- Nenad Prokic, Serbian playwright

Deaths


- January 18 - Sydney Greenstreet, English actor (b. 1879)
- February 12 - Dziga Vertov, Russian filmmaker (b. 1896)
- March 7 - Otto Diels, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1876)
- March 31 - Edwin Howard Armstrong, American electrical engineer and inventor (b. 1890)
- May 6 - B.C. Forbes, Scottish-born publisher (b. 1880)
- May 19 - Charles Ives, American composer (b. 1874)
- April 10 - Auguste Lumière, French inventor (b. 1862)
- April 28 - Léon Jouhaux, French labor leader, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1879)
- June 7 - Alan Turing, British mathematician (b. 1912)
- July 11 - Henry Valentine Knaggs, English physician and author (b. 1859)
- July 13 - Frida Kahlo, Mexican painter (b. 1907)
- July 14 - Jacinto Benavente, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1866)
- July 29 - Coen de Koning, Dutch speed skater (b. 1879)
- August 24 - Getúlio Vargas, President of Brazil (b. 1882)
- September 21 - Kokichi Mikimoto, Japanese pearl farm pioneer (b. 1858)
- November 3 - Henri Matisse, French painter (b. 1869)
- November 28 - Enrico Fermi, Italian physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1901)
- November 29 - Dink Johnson, American musician (b. 1892)
- November 30 - Wilhelm Furtwängler, German conductor (b. 1886)
- December 8 - Claude Cahun, French photographer and writer (b. 1894)
- December 30 - Eugen, Archduke of Austria, Austrian field marshal (b. 1863)

Nobel Prizes


- Physics - Max Born, Walther Bothe
- Chemistry - Linus Carl Pauling
- Medicine - John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
- Literature - Ernest Hemingway
- Peace - The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.

Fields Medalists


- Kunihiko Kodaira, Jean-Pierre Serre Category:1954 ko:1954년 ms:1954 ja:1954年 simple:1954 th:พ.ศ. 2497

June 23

June 23 is the 174th day of the year (175th in leap years) in the Gregorian Calendar, with 191 days remaining.

Events


- 1295 - Pope Boniface VIII enters Rome.
- 1305 - Flemish-French peace treaty signed at Athis-sur-Orge.
- 1314 - Start of the Battle of Bannockburn south of Stirling, Edward II of England & Robert I of Scotland met in battle. Scotland won and Edward fled the field and Scotland.
- 1532 - Henry VIII & François I sign secret treaty against Emperor Charles V.
- 1611 - The mutinous crew of Henry Hudson's fourth voyage sets Henry, his son and seven loyal crew members adrift in an open boat in the Atlantic Ocean; they are never heard from again.
- 1661 - Marriage contract between Charles II of England & Catharina of Portugal.
- 1683 - William Penn signs friendship treaty with Lenni Lenape Indians in Pennsylvania.
- 1713 - French residents of Acadia given one year to declare allegiance to Britain or leave Nova Scotia Canada. [http://www.acadian-cajun.com/acadia5.htm]
- 1724 - Russia and Turkey sign Treaty of Constantinople.
- 1757 - Battle of Plassey - 3000 British troops under Robert Clive defeat a 50,000 strong Indian army under Siraj-ud-Dawlah at Plassey.
- 1758 - Seven Years War: Battle of Krefeld - British forces defeat French troops at Krefeld in Germany.
- 1760 - Seven Years War: Battle of Landshut - Austria beats Prussia.
- 1794 - Empress Catherine II grants Jews permission to settle in Kiev.
- 1810 - John Jacob Astor forms the Pacific Fur Company.
- 1812 - Napoleon begins the famous offensive on Russia, which fails horribly.
- 1858 - Six-year-old Edgardo Mortara is seized by Papal authorities.
- 1860 - The US Congress establishes the Government Printing Office.
- 1865 - American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory Confederate General Stand Watie surrenders the last significant rebel army.
- 1887 - The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nation's first national park, Banff National Park. [http://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/cseh-twih/archives2_E.asp?id=25]
- 1888 - Frederick Douglass is the first African-American nominated for US president.
- 1894 - International Olympic Committee is founded at the Sorbonne, Paris, at the initiative of Baron Pierre de Coubertin.
- 1931 - Wiley Post and Harold Gatty take off from Roosevelt Field, Long Island in an attempt to accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane. [http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Explorers_Record_Setters_and_Daredevils/Wiley_Post/EX27.htm]
- 1938 - The Civil Aeronautics Act is signed into law, forming the Civil Aeronautics Authority in the United States.
- 1938 - Marineland opens near St. Augustine, Florida.
- 1940 - World War II: German leader Adolf Hitler surveys newly defeated Paris in now occupied France.
- 1941 - Lithuanian Activist Front initiates Lithuanian 1941 independence from the Soviet Union; it lasted only briefly as the Nazis occupied Lithuania a few weeks later.
- 1944 - Thomas Mann becomes a US citizen.
- 1947 - The United States Senate follows the United States House of Representatives in overriding U.S. President Harry S. Truman's veto of the Taft-Hartley Act.
- 1955 - In the Strahov Stadium in Prague the 1st all-national Spartakiáda begins.
- 1956 - Gamal Abdel Nasser elected president of Egypt.
- 1958 - The Dutch Reformed Church accepts women ministers.
- 1959 - Convicted Manhattan Project spy Klaus Fuchs is released after only nine years in prison and allowed to emigrate to Dresden, East Germany (where he resumed a scientific career).
- 1959 - A fire in a resort hotel in Stalheim, Norway kills 34 people.
- 1960 - Japan signs security treaty with the U.S.
- 1962 - Larry Doby retires from the Cleveland Indians to play in