土壤地理学

土壤地理学是研究土壤与地理环境之间相互关系的科学。总任务是充分合理地开发利用土壤资源，保护土壤的生态平衡，恢复和重建良好的土壤生态系统。主要研究内容如下：
- 土壤发生和分类
- 土被结构的研究
- 土壤调查、制图和土壤资源的数量统计与质量评价的研究
- 土地生产潜力和人口承载量的研究
- 土壤保护研究
- 土壤生态系统的研究
- 土壤地理分区或区划的研究

中国主要的土壤类型

铁铝土

过去曾称富铝土，是中国热带、亚热带湿润地区具有明显脱硅富铝化特征的土壤系列，由于都分布在中国水热条件最优越的地区，所处地形又以低山、丘陵、台地为主，故其开发利用价值高，是中国极为重要的土壤资源。
- 砖红壤
- 赤红壤
- 红壤
- 黄壤

淋溶土

目前的淋溶土纲，主要为湿润森林土壤系列。
- 黄棕壤
- 黄褐土
- 棕壤
- 暗棕壤
- 白浆土
- 灰化土、漂灰土和棕色针叶林土

半淋溶土

该土纲是在半湿润至班干旱气候下形成的具有钙积特征或盐基饱和的土壤系列，但因其所处的热量条件各不相同，各自的土壤性质有很大的变化。
- 燥红土
- 褐土
- 灰褐土
- 黑土
- 灰色森林土（灰黑土）

钙层土

是中国温带和暖温带半湿润、半干旱至干旱地区的草原土壤系列，主要分布在小兴安岭和长白山以西、长城以北、贺兰山以东的广大地区。
- 黑钙土
- 栗钙土
- 栗褐土
- 黑垆土
- 棕钙土
- 灰钙土

漠土

又称荒漠土，是漠境地区的地带性土壤。中国漠境地区面积很大，约占全国面积的五分之一。由于气候极端干旱，年降雨量少，漠土的基本特点是：地表多石砾，具有多孔状的漠境结皮；有机质含量低，碳酸钙含量高，而且表聚性强；普遍含有石膏和较多的易溶性盐；存在较明显的残积粘化和铁质化染色的红棕色紧实层，以及土体浅薄等。
- 灰漠土
- 灰棕漠土
- 棕漠土

初育土

是指发育程度低、层次分化不明显的幼年性土壤，其性状受母质岩性的深刻影响。
- 紫色土
- 石灰（岩）土
- 火山灰土
- 磷质石灰土
- 黄绵土和红粘土
- 风沙土和龟裂土
- 新积土、粗骨土和石质土

半水成土和水成土

半水成土：河流一级阶地上，底土产生潴育化，地表长有草甸植形成潮土。
- 草甸土
- 潮土
- 砂礓黑土
- 灌淤土
- 黑土
- 白浆土水成土：山前交接洼地可、河间洼地、以及地下水露头处。长期或季节性积水，地表生长水生及喜湿植被，形成沼泽土。

盐碱土

是盐土和碱土的总称。前者含有过多的易溶性盐，后者土壤胶体吸附有显著数量的交换性钠，均能对作物产生危害。
- 盐土
- 碱土

人为土

是人为耕作活动的产物，是在长期水耕熟化和旱耕熟化过程中形成的土壤系列。
- 水稻土
- 灌淤土和灌漠土

高山土壤

是指主要分布在青藏高原及其外围山地森林郁闭线以上或无林高山带的一系列土壤类型。
- 草毡土和黑毡土
- 寒钙土、冷钙土和冷棕钙土
- 荒漠土、冷漠土和寒冻土 category:地理

土壤

土壤是地球陆地上能够生长植物并产生收获的疏松表层。土壤一般分成四層。A層是表土。B層是心土。C層是風化層。R層是岩石層。“资源”是对人类可以利用而言的，因此，土壤资源是指在一定科学技术条件下和一定时间内可以为人类利用的土壤。土壤有五大功能: #無機有機質的循環 #生物棲息地 #建築物地基 #水分供應及潔靜 #支持植物生長 Category:农学 ja:土

Kingston Springs

Kingston Springs is a town located in Cheatham County, Tennessee. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 2,773.

Geography

2000 Kingston Springs is located at 36°5'14" North, 87°6'30" West (36.087195, -87.108267). According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 25.3 km² (9.8 mi²). 25.3 km² (9.8 mi²) of it is land and none of the area is covered with water.

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there are 2,773 people, 983 households, and 809 families residing in the town. The population density is 109.6/km² (283.7/mi²). There are 1,015 housing units at an average density of 40.1/km² (103.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 97.44% White, 0.87% African American, 0.36% Native American, 0.54% Asian, 0.00% Pacific Islander, 0.40% from other races, and 0.40% from two or more races. 0.54% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 983 households out of which 43.0% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.1% are married couples living together, 8.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 17.7% are non-families. 13.0% of all households are made up of individuals and 3.2% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.82 and the average family size is 3.10. In the town the population is spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 6.9% from 18 to 24, 33.1% from 25 to 44, 25.5% from 45 to 64, and 6.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 98.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 94.5 males. The median income for a household in the town is $58,490, and the median income for a family is $60,125. Males have a median income of $41,543 versus $30,650 for females. The per capita income for the town is $24,519. 8.4% of the population and 5.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 12.0% of those under the age of 18 and 7.4% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

Category:Cheatham County, Tennessee Category:Towns in Tennessee

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