:: wikimiki.org ::
| 军事地理学 |
军事地理学军事地理学既是地理学一的个分支学科，也是军事学的一个分支学科，其主要是依据国农政治和军事战略和考虑，全面分析同战争有关的自然地理和人文地理等因素所构成的综合地理环境对国防建设、军事行动的相互制约和影响的一门学科。
军事地理学主要研究领域是战争所要涉及的陆、海、空环境，为制定国防政策、军事战略方针、指导军事训练等提供可靠的地理情报资料。
category:军事学category:地理学
地理学地理学是研究地球表面的地理环境中各种自然现象和人文现象，以及它们之间相互关系的学科。“地理”一词最早见于中国《易经》。英文中地理一词则来源于希腊文hê gê（意为“地球”）和graphein（意为“写”）。
中国古代最早的地理书籍包括了《禹贡》和《山海经》等。古代的地理学主要探索关于地球形状、大小有关的测量方法，或对已知的地区和国家进行描述。
研究对象
地理学研究地球表面同人类相关的地理环境。
- 地球表面：地理壳-景观壳-地球表层-大气圈-岩石圈-水圈-生物圈-人类圈-陆地-海洋
山脉-大陆架-气候-植被
人类生活：乡村-集镇-城市-人种
国家 -- 世界政区 -- 各国首都 -- 洲 -- 地区 -- 州 -- 省 -- 自治区 -- 特别行政区 -- 联盟 -- 市 -- 县 -- 自治县 -- 旗 -- 郡 -- 城市 -- 城镇 -- 村落 -- 地名
学科分支
地理学没有一个公认的分类体系。在西欧，地理学分为通论地理学（即部门地理学）和专论地理学（即区域地理学）两部分，通论地理学中分出自然地理学和人文地理学，两大分支下再分次级分支学科。
前苏联把地理学分为自然地理学和经济地理学两大分支，然后再分次级分支学科。
西方学者把地理学分为自然地理学和人文地理学两部分，或分为自然地理学、经济地理学和人文地理学三部分，下面再分次级分支学科。
自然地理学
自然地理学利用生物学来研究、了解全球性植物群和动物区系样式，利用数学、物理学来研究地球本身的运动以及它和其他太阳系中星体的关系，是研究位置和空间上地球变化的学科。
- 综合性
- 综合自然地理学
- 古地理学
- 部门性
- 地貌学
- 气候学
- 水文地理学
- 土壤地理学
- 生物地理学
- 植物地理学
- 动物地理学
- 化学地理学
- 医学地理学
- 冰川学
- 冻土学
- 物候学
- 火山学
- 地震学
人文地理学
人文地理学更注重地理学中社会科学的成分，从非物理的层面来考察整个地球的行为模式，是以人地关系的理论为基础，探讨各种人文现象及人类活动的地理分布和发展规律的一门学科。它可以被划分为以下及格广义的分支：
- 社会文化地理学
- 人种地理学
- 人口地理学
- 聚落地理学
- 社会地理学
- 文化地理学
- 宗教地理学
- 经济地理学
- 农业地理学
- 工业地理学
- 商业地理学
- 交通运输地理学
- 旅游地理学
- 政治地理学
- 军事地理学
- 城市地理学
其他分支学科
- 历史地理学-区域地理学-地图学-地名学-方志学-理论地理学-应用地理学-地理数量方法-计量地理学-景观生态学-地理信息系统
参看
地质学 -- 地球物理学 -- 旅游 -- 气象学 -- 中国地理
category:社會科學
Category:地理
Category:地球科学
als:Geografie
ja:地理学
ko:지리학
ms:Geografi
simple:Geography
th:ภูมิศาสตร์
ANIAutomatic number identification is a feature of Inward WATS Service (Wide Area Telephone Service) which permits subscribers to display or capture the telephone numbers of calling parties. ANI service was created by AT&T for internal long-distance billing purposes, and is not related to newer Caller ID services. Inward WATS Service is purchased by customers so that other telephone users (for example, prospective customers) can call the number toll free. The customer is issued a distinctive telephone number beginning with a special area code such as 800, or more recently, 888, 877, or 866. Subscribers to these numbers are typically called Inward WATS subscribers.
A related piece of information conveyed to the Inward WATS service subscriber is the DNIS or Dialed Number Identification Service. This is the number that the caller dialed when accessing the "800" service. With the information, the service provider can have several "800," or "toll-free," numbers directed to the same call center and provide unique service based on the number dialed.
ANI actually has two components, the Information Digits and the calling party telephone number. The "information digits" identify the class of service. According to the [http://www.atis.org/inc/docs/finaldocs/98011620.doc current "ANI II" specification], the codes are as follows:
00 - Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS), a standard non-coin telephone.
01 - Multi-party line, typically 4-party or 8-party service. The operator will come on to ask for the caller's telephone number.
02 - ANI failure. The operator will come on to ask for the caller's telephone number.
03-05 Not used.
06 - Used for multiple customers from the same telephone number, such as in hotels where they do not also automatically identify the room number.
07 - This caller requires special handling by an operator. Where this cannot be accomplished, the caller is given a recording telling them their call could not be completed.
08-19 Not used or reserved for specialized functions.
20 - Used by PBX systems where the caller is dialing out using the main number rather than, say, a specific number assigned to that station on that PBX.
21-22 Not used.
23 - Status as to whether caller is using a coin telephone or non-coin telephone cannot be determined.
24 - A call from a non-coin telephone to a toll-free number has been converted to its regular telephone number.
25 - A call from a coin or prison telephone to a toll-free number has been converted to its regular telephone number.
26 - Not used.
27 - Network signalling controlled coin telephone.
28 - Not used.
29 - Call from a prison telephone (which usually only allow 0+ collect service).
30 - Call to an unassigned number that is to be routed to a recording.
31 - Call to an assigned number that has been manually placed out of service.
32 - Call to a recently disconnected number.
33 - Not used.
34 - Operator assisted call that billing has been completed.
35-39 Not used.
40-49 Reserved for local use by carrier.
50-51 Not used.
52 - Outward WATS call.
53-59 Not used.
60 - Non-coin caller using a TRS (transport provider).
61 - Call from PCS/Cellular system user over Type 1 trunk.
62 - Call from PCS/Cellular system user over Type 2 trunk.
63 - Call from PCS/Cellular system user who is roaming on another provider's network. Number is generally a temporary number assigned to that user while roaming on that network.
64-65 Not used.
66 - Caller from a hotel using a TRS (Transport provider).
67 - Caller from a restricted line using a TRS (Transport provider).
68-69 Not used.
70 - Coin telephone which is not network signalling controlled.
71-92 Not used or reserved for other uses.
93 - Call coming from a Private Virtual Network.
94-99 Not used.
Privacy note
It is very important to realize that, when calling a telephone number, your own telephone number [http://www.nanpa.com/number_resource_info/ani_ii_assignments.html and telephone line type] can always be captured by ANI equipment at the destination site -- whether or not you would otherwise be able to "block" transmission of your telephone number via Caller ID. ANI is unrelated to Caller ID, therefore Caller ID blocking does not affect the delivery of your telephone number to ANI service subscribers. The destination telephone company switching office will always know the originating telephone number, whether or not you have blocked Caller ID, or have a private number listing, and can relay that information to those who subscribe to ANI delivery services. Toll-free Inward WATS number subscribers and large companies normally have access to ANI information, either instantly via installed equipment, or via a monthly billing statement.
Bill collectors and private investigators have often conducted skip tracing of missing people by sending them postcards, enticing them to call their "800 numbers". The "skip" reveals his or her whereabouts by dialing the number. Residential subscribers can also obtain access to ANI information through third party companies that charge for the service.
Similar Services in Other Countries
- Europe: Calling Line Identification (CLI)
- UK: Caller Line Identification (CLID)
category: telephony
low cost car hire cheap tickets edinburgh hotel zawory metalowe finanse
|
|
|
| :: RELATED NEWS :: |
KGA
KGA, also known as 1510 KGA The Big Talker, is a all-talk station station based in Spokane, Washington. The Citadel Broadcasting Corporation outlet broadcasts at 1510 kHz with a ERP of 50kw.
History
KGA was a successful Country music outlet for most of its life until 1994, when it began the transition to its current format.
Today, KGA is where you will find syndicated fare from
|
Taylor Sherman
Taylor Sherman is a software developer of the computer game game development company, Valve Software. After college, Taylor worked on NPC AI and netcode for big, expensive video games at The Boeing Company. In 2000, fed up with the level of dysfunction at the quarter-million employee company, Taylor
|
Urwa bint Kariz
Urwa bint Kariz was among the Sahaba's ancestors.
She was Uthman ibn Affan's mother.
See also
- Family tree of Urwa bint Kariz
- Sahaba
External links
- http://al-islam.org/restatement/4.htm
Category:Arab people
Cat
|
RC Zaehner
Robert Charles Zaehner (1913 - 1974) was an expert in Ethics and Eastern religions . According to Phoenix Press, he was educated at Tonbridge School and Christ Church, Oxford where he gained first class honours in Persian and Avestan. In 1936–37 he studied Pahlavi with Sir Harold Ba
|
|
Mia Sarapocciello
Mia Sara (born June 19, 1967 in Brooklyn Heights, New York as Mia Sarapocciello) is an Italian-American actress. She is best known for playing Ferris's girlfriend Sloane in Ferris Bueller's Day Off. She has also appeared in the mi
|
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Gak
| |
